Module 4: CPU and Memory
An Overview of Core Computing Components
1 Purpose
This module provides a comprehensive exploration of the two most fundamental components of any computer system: the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and Memory. You will learn how the CPU, the “brain” of the computer, is structured and how it executes instructions. You will also delve into the memory hierarchy, understanding how different types of memory work together to store and serve data to the processor efficiently.
2 What You’ll Learn
By the end of this module, you will be able to:
- Identify the core components of a CPU, including the ALU, Control Unit, and registers.
- Differentiate between various CPU types and architectures (e.g., CISC vs. RISC).
- Describe the memory hierarchy, from fast CPU caches to slower main memory.
- Explain the difference between volatile (RAM) and non-volatile (ROM) memory.
- Understand the principles of memory management, including virtual memory and paging.
This module maps to the following program and course learning outcomes:
- Program Learning Outcomes (PLOs):
- 3. Apply terminology and numeric or system concepts: This module is rich with fundamental terminology related to CPU and memory architecture.
- 6. Maintain environment: Understanding these core components is essential for troubleshooting, upgrading, and maintaining any computer system environment.
- Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs):
- 1. Identify hardware and basic network components: This module is focused on identifying and understanding the most critical hardware components in a computer.
- 3. Troubleshoot hardware and basic network components: Knowledge of the CPU and memory systems is foundational for diagnosing a wide range of system performance issues and failures.
This module will help you develop the following skills and knowledge, which align with the O*NET SOC Code 15-1232.00 for Computer User Support Specialists.
| Learning Objective | O*NET KSAs | Technologies Used |
|---|---|---|
| Identify CPU and Memory components and their roles. | Knowledge: Computers & Electronics Skills: Reading Comprehension Abilities: Information Ordering |
PC & Server Hardware, Graphics Cards |
| Explain the function of the CPU’s internal components (ALU, CU, Registers). | Knowledge: Computers & Electronics Skills: Systems Analysis Abilities: Deductive Reasoning |
N/A (Conceptual) |
| Describe the principles of virtual memory, paging, and address translation. | Knowledge: Computers & Electronics, Operating Systems Skills: Troubleshooting Abilities: Problem Sensitivity |
Operating System Software, System Monitoring Tools |
3 Module Content
This module is divided into two main parts, each with a logical progression from introduction to deep-dive.
3.1 Part 1: The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Introduction to the CPU: A high-level survey of what a CPU is, its primary purpose, and its main operational cycle.
A Guide to CPU Components: A detailed guide to the three core components of a CPU, explaining how the Control Unit, ALU, and Registers work together to execute instructions.
A Guide to CPU Types: An exploration of different processor categories (desktop, mobile, server) and the architectural choices (CISC vs. RISC) that define them.
3.2 Part 2: The Memory System
Introduction to Memory: A foundational overview of computer memory, including the memory hierarchy and the differences between volatile (RAM) and non-volatile (ROM) memory.
A Guide to Memory Systems: A comprehensive look at the hardware and software systems that manage memory, from OS-level virtual memory to the hardware-level MMU and Memory Controller.
A Guide to Memory Engineering: A deep dive into the physics, fabrication, and design trade-offs involved in creating modern memory and storage devices, including specialized types like ECC and VRAM.